One ,Redis High concurrency and fast reasons for
1.redis It's memory based , The read and write speed of memory is very fast （ Pure memory ）.
2.redis It's single threaded , It saves a lot of time for context switching threads （ Avoid thread switching and race consumption ）.
3.redis Using multiplexing technology , Can handle concurrent connections （ Non blocking IO）.
Non blocking IO
Internal implementation adopts epoll, Adopted epoll+ Simple event framework implemented by ourselves .epoll Reading in , write , close , Connections are converted into events , And then use it epoll Multiplexing characteristics of , Never io It's a waste of time .
The following focuses on single thread design and IO The reason why multiplexing core design is fast .
<> Two , Why? Redis It's single threaded
2.1. Official answer
because Redis It's a memory based operation ,CPU no Redis The bottleneck of ,Redis The most likely bottleneck is the size of machine memory or network bandwidth . Since single thread is easy to implement , and CPU It won't be a bottleneck , So it's logical to adopt a single thread scheme .
2.2. performance index
about redis Performance of , There are also official websites , Ordinary laptops easily handle hundreds of thousands of requests per second .
2.3. Detailed reasons
1） No performance consumption of various locks is required
Redis The data structure of is not all simple Key-Value, also list,hash And so on , It is possible for these structures to perform very fine-grained operations , For example, add an element after a long list , stay hash Add or delete an object . These operations may require a lot of locks , The result is a significant increase in synchronization overhead .
in short , In the case of single thread , You don't have to think about locks , There is no lock , Release lock operation , There is no performance penalty due to possible deadlock .
2） Single thread multi process cluster scheme
The power of single threads is actually very powerful , Single core cpu It's also very efficient , Multithreading naturally has a higher performance cap than a single thread , But in today's computing environment , Even the upper limit of single machine multithreading can not meet the needs , What needs to be further explored is the scheme of multi server clustering , The multithreading technology in these schemes is still useless .
therefore “ Single thread , Multi process cluster ” It's a fashionable solution .
3）CPU consume
Using single thread , Unnecessary context switching and competition conditions are avoided , There is no switch caused by multi process or multi thread CPU.
But if CPU become Redis bottleneck , Or don't want the server to be anything else CUP Nuclear idle , What can we do? ?
We can consider several more Redis process ,Redis yes key-value database , Not a relational database , There are no constraints between the data . As long as the client distinguishes which key Where to put it Redis Just in the process .
<> Three ,Redis Advantages and disadvantages of single thread
3.1. Advantages of single process and single thread
* Clearer code , The processing logic is simpler .
* You don't have to think about locks , There is no lock , Release lock operation , There is no performance penalty due to possible deadlock .
* non-existent “ Switch caused by multi process or multi thread ” And consumption CPU.
3.2. Disadvantages of single process and single thread
* Can't play multi-core CPU performance , However, you can open more than one on a single machine Redis Examples to improve .
<> Four ,IO Multiplexing technology
redis Adopt network IO Multiplexing technology , To ensure the high throughput of the system in the case of multiple connections .
multiple - It means more than one socket network connections , multiplexing - It refers to reusing a thread . There are three main multiplexing technologies ：select,poll,epoll.epoll It's the latest , It is also the best multiplexing technology at present .
Multi channel is adopted I/O Reuse technology ： firstly , It enables a single thread to process multiple connection requests efficiently （ Minimize network IO Time consumption of ）. second ,Redis The speed of operating data in memory is very fast （ Operations in memory will not be a performance bottleneck here ）. The above two main points have created Redis It has high throughput .
<> Five ,Redis High concurrency and quick summary
1. Redis It's a pure memory database , Generally, it is a simple access operation , Threads take up a lot of time , The time spent is mainly concentrated in IO upper , So the reading speed is fast .
2.
Say it again IO,Redis Non blocking is used IO,IO Multiplexing , Single thread is used to poll descriptors , Open the database , shut , read , All writes are converted into events , It reduces context switching and contention during thread switching .
3. Redis The single thread model is adopted , The atomicity of each operation is guaranteed , It also reduces context switching and contention for threads .
4.
in addition , Data structures also help a lot ,Redis Full use hash structure , Fast reading speed , There are also some special data structures , Data storage is optimized , Such as compression table , Compressed storage of short data , Again , Skip Watch , Use ordered data structures to speed up reading .
5. And a little bit more ,Redis The event separator is implemented by ourselves , The efficiency is relatively high , The internal execution mode is non blocking , The throughput is relatively large .
Technology