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一、冯诺伊曼计算机的特点
1、计算机由五大部件组成
2、指令和数据以同等地位存于存储器,可按地址寻访
3、指令和数据用二进制表示
4、指令由操作码和地址码组成
5、存储程序
6、以运算器为中心
二、现代计算机硬件
1、现代计算机硬件框图
2、系统复杂性管理的方法
——层次化(hierarchy):将被设计的系统划分为多个模块或子模块
——模块化(modularity):有明确定义的功能和接口
——规则化(regularity):模块更容易被重用
3、存储器的基本组成
MAR:存储器地址寄存器,反映存储单元的个数
MDR:存储器数据寄存器,反映存储字长
4、运算器的基本组成及操作过程
5、控制器的基本组成
(1)完成一条指令:
①取指令 PC ②分析指令 IR ③执行指令 CU
PC存放当前欲执行指令的地址,具有计数功能
IR存放当前欲执行的指令
三、计算机硬件的主要技术指标
1、机器字长:CPU一次能处理数据的位数,与CPU中的寄存器位数有关
2、运算速度
①主频
②核数,每个核支持的线程数
③吉普森法
④CPI 执行一条指令所需时钟周期数
⑤MIPS 每秒执行百万条指令
⑥FLOPS 每秒浮点运算次数
3、存储容量(存放二进制信息的总位数)