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这种题有两种出题模式:
第一种是给出你含有数字、字母或者属性的几组表格,让你用关系代数运算
第二种是会给出“关系数据库模式”,让我们用“关系代数表达式”表示各种查询,相对第一种较难
今年随机出
让我们来浅看一下概念:
一、关系数据库模式:简记为R(A1,A2,~~~An),R为关系名,A为属性名
eg:公司(公司编号、公司名、地址)
eg:S (S#,SNAME,AGE,SEX)(有的关系模式会是纯英文)
二.关系代数表达式:
交n、并U、差-(高中学过,略)、笛卡尔积x、选择σ、投影Π、连接
笛卡尔积:
S:
T:
A
B
A
B
3
4
1
5
7
2
3
6
则SxT=
S.AS.BT.AT.B
3415
3436
7215
7236
笛卡尔积是水平方向的运算,第一个表的每行分别与第二个表的每行相连
选择σ:
语法:σ+条件(所查询的表)
eg:商品(商品ID,商品名称,价格,品牌,型号,颜色,生产商,产地)
查询产地是上海的商品信息:σ产地=‘上海’ (商品)
选择是水平方向的查询,其结果是符合条件的商品的所有属性(字符串记得加单引号)
投影Π:
eg:商品(商品ID,商品名称,价格,品牌,型号,颜色,生产商,产地)
查询产地是上海的商品ID,商品名称:Π商品ID,商品名称(σ产地=‘上海’(商品))
投影是竖直方向的查询,其结果是单个属性
连接:
连接一般用于表格,连接有自然连接、外连接、左连接、右连接。老师不会为难咱们,题库中也只有自然连接题,所以只讲最简单的自然连接
如上所示,连接就是把两个关系中具有相同的属性的行进行笛卡尔运算
除:
上题中R作为被除数,S作为除数
方法:(1)先找出R、S中的共有属性B、C
(2)再找出被除数R中共有属性值与S中共有属性值相同的行,
即R(2):
ABC
a1b1c2
a1b2c3
a2b2c3
a1b2c1
(3)去掉第二步表R(2)中的共有属性列B、C,只留A列
即
A
a1
a1
a2
a1
化简得
掌握这些基本概念,我们就可以做题啦,SQL的查询方式多样,所以很多题答案不唯一。
例1:真题
解:1.
例2、
解:
例3、
解: