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根据可以研究,测量和呈现的方式,可以有不同的方式来描述变量。
**数值变量(Numeric)**有将可测量的数量描述为数字的值,例如“多少”或“多少”。因此,数值变量是定量变量(quantitative)。
数值变量可以进一步描述为连续或离散:
* 连续变量(continuous)
是数字变量。观察可以在某组实数之间取任何值。给连续变量的观察值可以包括与测量仪器允许的一样小的值。连续变量的示例包括高度,时间,年龄和温度。
*
**离散变量(discrete)**是数字变量。观察可以基于来自一组不同的整体值的计数来获取值。离散变量不能取一个值与下一个最接近值之间的分数值。离散变量的示例包括登记车辆的数量,商业位置的数量和家庭中的儿童的数量,所有这些都作为整体单元(即1,2,3辆车)测量。
分类变量(Categorical)
具有描述数据单元的“质量”或“特征”的值,例如“什么类型”或“哪个类别”。分类变量属于互斥(在一个类别或另一个类别中)和详尽(包括所有可能的选项)类别。因此,分类变量是
定性变量(qualitative),并且倾向于由非数字值表示。
分类变量可进一步描述为序数或名义:
* 序数变量(ordinal)
是分类变量。观察可以采用可以逻辑排序或排序的值。与序数变量相关联的类别可以比另一个更高或更低,但不一定在每个类别之间建立数字差异。有序分类变量的例子包括学业成绩(即A,B,C),服装规模(即小,中,大,特大)和态度(即非常同意,同意,不同意,强烈不同意)。
* 名义变量(nominal) 是分类变量。观察可以采用无法按逻辑顺序组织的值。名义分类变量的例子包括性别,商业类型,眼睛颜色,宗教和品牌。